Queen's Men and Shakespeare: Divine Right and Providence (Sc. 14)

101Read about the Queen's Men and Shakespeare in scene 11

In terms of the relationship between the abandoned kings central to each play, Shakespeare concerns himself with the idea of a king divested of authority that is central to this short exchange. Leir's line quoted above is likely the inspiration for the line "Lear's shadow" given to the fool in the Folio (F: 744) in answer to Lear's question "Who is it that can tell me who I am?" (F: 743). The striking difference is that when Leir deliberately requests that Perillus stop acknowledging his social status Perillus firmly refuses, maintaining his respect and honour for the king until the end - a sharp contrast to Lear's Fool who is pointing out the pragmatic and symbolic consequences of his master's abdication. Perillus's persistence has its own correlative in Shakespeare's Gloucester who still wants to kiss the hand of his master when he meets him on the heath (F: 2574), but even Gloucester is forced to acknowledge that his once great master is now but a shadow of himself: "O ruin'd peece of Nature, this great world / Shall so weare out to naught" (F: 2577-2578). The spectacle of the king brought to desperation found in the Queen's Men play obviously fascinated Shakespeare, but his treatment of the issue of royalty and divine right is markedly different from the Queen's Men play. King Leir maintains a constant sense of injustice at the inversion of hierarchy represented by Leir's suffering while Lear's suffering is portrayed as a sign of a common condition shared by king and fool. Lear's hand "smelles of Mortality" (F: 2576) whereas Leir's remains in touch with the divine right through to the end.

102 Shakespeare also makes it clear that Lear will be met with little sympathy from Regan but the extent of her inhospitality is surprising, as is the extreme violence her husband inflicts on Gloucester. Shakespeare's dramaturgy balances expectation and surprise where the Queen's Men play consistently fulfils expectations for divine justice. The difference in dramaturgical approach bespeaks different perspectives that the two plays take on the question of divine providence. God's will is clearly done in King Leir but God's role in Shakespeare's play is famously uncertain.

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